How to Use e2fsck Command

What is e2fsck?

e2fsck is a utility that examines ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems for errors, and attempts to repair them if possible. It is the backend tool that the popular fsck frontend utility calls for a combination of tasks related to ext filesystems.

On some systems, e2fsck runs automatically after an unclean shutdown or after a certain number of reboots.

When to Use e2fsck

You can use fsck to check your file system if your system fails to boot, if files on a specific disk become corrupt, or if an attached drive does not act as expected. Unmount the disks you intend to work on before attempting to check or repair them.

Important

Unmount the target disk first. You risk corrupting your file system and losing data if you run fsck on an active disk.

e2fsck Options and Arguments

Option	Action
-a	Automatically repair (“preen”) the file system. This option is provided for backwards compatibility purposes only, and it is recommended that the -p option is used instead wherever possible.
-b superblock	Uses an alternative superblock, replacing superblock as noted in the option.
-B blocksize	Allows you to define a block size when performing e2fsck, instead of having e2fsck attempt multiple block sizes to find the correct one. Replace blocksize with the block size you would like to attempt a repair with.
-c	Uses the badblocks program to perform a read-only scan to find any bad blocks, and then add any back blocks to the inode to prevent them from being allocated.
-C fd	Ensures that e2fsck writes completion information to a specified file descriptor to track the progress of the file system check. Replace fd with the file descriptor you would like to use.
-d	Prints debugging output
-D	Ensures the e2fsck attempts to optimize all directories by re-indexing them or by sorting and compressing directories for smaller directories, or traditional linear directories.
-E extended_options	Sets extended options for e2fsck. These are generally more advanced options. For more information, see the official man page for e2fsck.
-f	Force filesystem checking even if the file system appears clean.
-F	Flushes the file system device’s buffer caches before beginning. This is generally only useful for benchmarking purposes.
-j external-journal	Sets the path name where the external-journal for the defined file system can be found. Replace external-journal with the path you will be using.
-k	Used in combination with the -c option, uses the badblocks program, ensures that any existing bad blocks are preserved, and any new bad blocks found are added to the bad blocks list.
-l filename	Adds block numbers listed in the file specified by filename to the list of bad blocks.
-L filename	Same as the l option, however clears the bad blocks list before the blocks listed in the file are added.
-n	Opens the filesystem as read-only and assumes an answer of no to any prompts. This option may not be specified at the same time as the -p or -y options.
-p	Entered to automatically repair (“preen”) the file system. Automatically attempts to fix any filesystem issues without human intervention.
-t	Prints statistics for e2fsck related to timing.
-v	Enables verbose output.
-V	Prints the version information for e2fsck without performing any scan.
-y	Automatically selects the yes option to any prompts when performing e2fsck tasks. This option may not be specified at the same time as the -n or -p options.

Unmount the Disk

Boot into Rescue Mode

To use e2fsck on a VPS, the easiest and safest way to unmount your disk is to use Rescue Mode. Follow our “Rescue and Rebuild” guide to learn how to boot your VPS into Rescue Mode.

If you’re working on a local machine, it’s recommended to use the distribution’s recovery mode or a live distribution to avoid working on a mounted disk. Remember to run e2fsck only as a user with root permissions.

View Mounted Disks and Verify Disk Location

Run df to view a list of currently mounted disks. If you are using Rescue Mode, the disk you want to check should not be listed:
```
df -h
```
Use fdisk to view disk locations:
```
fdisk -l
```
Copy the location of the target disk to use with the fsck command.

Configuration Profile

If you are working on a VPS but do not wish to use Rescue Mode, shut down the VPS from the VPS Manager. Then, unmount the disk from the Configuration Profile, apply the changes, and reboot the VPS.

Manual Unmount

If you are working on a local machine, unmount the disk manually.

Use umount to unmount the disk location copied in the previous step:
```
umount /dev/sdb
```
If the disk is declared in /etc/fstab, change the mount point to none there as well.

How to Check for Errors on a Disk

To run a file system check on the target disk with the desired options, use the following command. This example forces a file system check and attempts to fix any issues without human intervention (-fp) on /dev/sda:

e2fsck -pf /dev/sda

Understand fsck Error Codes

The error codes that fsck returns can be understood with the following table

Code	Error Code Meaning
0	No errors
1	Filesystem errors corrected
2	System should be rebooted
4	Filesystem errors left uncorrected
8	Operational error
16	Usage or syntax error
32	Checking canceled by user request
128	Shared-library error

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